]> has_instructions has_stimulus has_response_type has_stimulus_modality has_response_modality action specification planned process 3D Objects 17-Aug-10 Hierarchical processing of tactile shape in the human brain. Bodegard A, Geyer S, Grefkes C, Zilles K, Roland P E. Neuron 2001 Aug; 31:317-328; PMID = 11502261. "an object with height, width, length, and mass specifically given to the subject to hold" PERSON:Jessica Turner#funding:NIHR01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 pending_final_vetting Abstract Patterns pending_final_vetting PET reveals occipitotemporal pathway activation during elementary form perception in humans. Beason-Held L L, Purpura K P, Van Meter J W, Azari N P, Mangot D J, Optican L M, Mentis M J, Alexander G E, Grady C L, Horwitz B, Rapoport S I, Schapiro M B. Visual Neuroscience 1998 May; 15:503-510; PMID = 9685203. 17-Aug-10 "complex, abstract, geometrical patterns" PERSON:Jessica Turner#funding:NIHR01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 Asian Characters PERSON:Jessica Turner#funding:NIHR01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 17-Aug-10 pending_final_vetting Example of stimuli in The visual word form area: Evidence from an fMRI study of implicit processing of Chinese characters. Liu C, Zhang W T, Tang Y Y, Mai X Q, Chen H C, Tardif T, Luo Y J. NeuroImage 2008 April; 40:1350-1361; PMID = 18272399. "logograms or logographs taken an Asian language, e.g., Chinese, Japanese, or Korean" "auditory presentation of ""Asian Characters"" classifies as ""Words"" or ""Syllables""; this class is strictly for the written form" Braille Dots 17-Aug-10 "intended for Tactile Stimulus Modality, but may possibly extend to Visual Stimulus Modality in the future" braille. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged. Retrieved April 16, 2010, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/braille pending_final_vetting PERSON:Jessica Turner#funding:NIHR01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 "combinations of tangible dots or points used to represent letters or characters that are read by touch to represent a system of writing or printing, devised by L. Braille for use by the blind " Breathable Gas PERSON:Jessica Turner#funding:NIHR01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 pending_final_vetting 17-Aug-10 gas. (n.d.). The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Retrieved April 19, 2010, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/gas a stimulus consisting of a gaseous material which is breathable Button Press to press a button or buttons with the hand or foot PERSON:Jessica Turner#funding:NIHR01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 Lie detection by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Lee T M C, Liu H L, Tan L H, Chan C C H, Mahankali S, Feng C, Hou J, Fox P T, Gao J H. Human Brain Mapping 2002 Mar; 15:157-164; PMID = 11835606. 17-Aug-10 pending_final_vetting Count "this includes the numerical operations of addition, subtraction, mental arithmetic, as well basic counting" 17-Aug-10 PERSON:Jessica Turner#funding:NIHR01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 pending_final_vetting count. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged. Retrieved April 16, 2010, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/count the act of counting; enumeration; reckoning; calculation Imagine imagine. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged. Retrieved April 16, 2010, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/imagine 17-Aug-10 to form mental images of things not present to the senses pending_final_vetting PERSON:Jessica Turner#funding:NIHR01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 Read read. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged. Retrieved April 16, 2010, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/read 17-Aug-10 to utter aloud or render in speech written or printed words pending_final_vetting PERSON:Jessica Turner#funding:NIHR01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 may be covert or overt responses Recall to bring back from memory; recollect; remember 17-Aug-10 recall. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged. Retrieved April 16, 2010, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/recall pending_final_vetting PERSON:Jessica Turner#funding:NIHR01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 Name "generally is Visual Stimulus Modality, but isn't restricted to be so; may be covert or overt responses" pending_final_vetting 17-Aug-10 name. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged. Retrieved April 16, 2010, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/name PERSON:Jessica Turner#funding:NIHR01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 to identify by name; generate the name of the stimulus Detect to discover the existence of; identify that a specific event has occurred (e.g.; a flash or light or tone presentation) 17-Aug-10 pending_final_vetting detect. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged. Retrieved April 16, 2010, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/detect PERSON:Jessica Turner#funding:NIHR01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 Track 17-Aug-10 PERSON:Jessica Turner#funding:NIHR01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 to observe or follow the course of progress of pending_final_vetting track. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged. Retrieved April 16, 2010, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/track Discriminate to make or constitute a distinction in or between; differentiate PERSON:Jessica Turner#funding:NIHR01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 17-Aug-10 discriminate. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged. Retrieved April 16, 2010, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/discriminate pending_final_vetting Move PERSON:Jessica Turner#funding:NIHR01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 move. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged. Retrieved July 15, 2010, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/move pending_final_vetting to execute an action involving a body part 17-Aug-10 Attend 17-Aug-10 to pay attention; listen or watch attentively; direct one's thought; pay heed attend. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged. Retrieved April 16, 2010, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/attend PERSON:Jessica Turner#funding:NIHR01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 pending_final_vetting Fixate pending_final_vetting fixate. (n.d.). The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Retrieved April 16, 2010, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/fixate PERSON:Jessica Turner#funding:NIHR01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 to focus one's eyes or attention on 17-Aug-10 Smile Instructions pending_final_vetting Instructions to assume a facial expression characterized by an upturning of the corners of the mouth PERSON:Jessica Turner#funding:NIHR01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 smile. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged. Retrieved April 16, 2010, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/smile 17-Aug-10 Encode to store a stimulus or stimuli into memory for later retrieval pending_final_vetting 17-Aug-10 The neural correlates of intentional learning of verbal materials: A PET study in humans. Kapur S, Tulving E, Cabeza R, McIntosh A R, Houle S, Craik F I M. J Cogn Neurosci 1996 Nov; 4:243-249; PMID = 8957565. PERSON:Jessica Turner#funding:NIHR01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 Repeat to say something again pending_final_vetting repeat. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged. Retrieved April 16, 2010, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/repeat 17-Aug-10 PERSON:Jessica Turner#funding:NIHR01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 may be covert or overt responses Generate PERSON:Jessica Turner#funding:NIHR01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 pending_final_vetting generate. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged. Retrieved July 15, 2010, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/generate should be not be confused with Naming tasks "to produce or specify by application of a rule or set of rules; e.g., ""Subjects were told to think of as many names of animals as possible""." 17-Aug-10 Sing to utter words or sounds in succession with musical modulations of the voice; vocalize melodically pending_final_vetting sing. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged. Retrieved April 16, 2010, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/sing PERSON:Jessica Turner#funding:NIHR01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 17-Aug-10 Blink pending_final_vetting blink. (n.d.). Collins English Dictionary - Complete and Unabridged 10th Edition. Retrieved August 13, 2010, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/blink PERSON:Jessica Turner#funding:NIHR01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 to open and close the eye 17-Aug-10 Breath-Hold A bilateral cortico-bulbar network associated with breath holding in humans, determined by functional magnetic resonance imaging. McKay L C, Adams L, Frackowiak R S J, Corfield D R. Neuroimage 2008 May; 40:1824-1832; PMID = 18343687. 17-Aug-10 pending_final_vetting suspension of external breathing PERSON:Jessica Turner#funding:NIHR01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 Draw 17-Aug-10 to compose or create a picture in lines pending_final_vetting PERSON:Jessica Turner#funding:NIHR01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 draw. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged. Retrieved August 13, 2010, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/draw Drink to take water or other liquid into the mouth and swallow it pending_final_vetting drink. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged. Retrieved August 13, 2010, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/drink PERSON:Jessica Turner#funding:NIHR01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 17-Aug-10 Saccades PERSON:Jessica Turner#funding:NIHR01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 17-Aug-10 saccades. (n.d.). The American Heritage Stedman's Medical Dictionary. Retrieved August 13, 2010, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/saccades pending_final_vetting a rapid eye movement that occurs when the eyes fix on one point after another in the visual field Write PERSON:Jessica Turner#funding:NIHR01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 17-Aug-10 write. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged. Retrieved August 13, 2010, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/write "to trace or form (characters, letters, words, etc.) on the surface of some material, as with a pen, pencil, or other instrument or means; inscribe" pending_final_vetting Swallow pending_final_vetting to take into the stomach by drawing through the throat and esophagus with a voluntary muscular action 17-Aug-10 PERSON:Jessica Turner#funding:NIHR01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 swallow. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged. Retrieved August 13, 2010, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/swallow Point point. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged. Retrieved August 13, 2010, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/point 17-Aug-10 pending_final_vetting "to direct the finger at, to, or upon something" PERSON:Jessica Turner#funding:NIHR01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 Manipulate manipulate. (n.d.). Collins English Dictionary - Complete and Unabridged 10th Edition. Retrieved August 13, 2010, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/manipulate pending_final_vetting 17-Aug-10 to handle or use skillfully in a process or action PERSON:Jessica Turner#funding:NIHR01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 Whistle 17-Aug-10 PERSON:Jessica Turner#funding:NIHR01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 "to make a clear musical sound, a series of such sounds, or a high-pitched, warbling sound by the forcible expulsion of the breath through a small opening formed by contracting the lips, or through the teeth, with the aid of the tongue" whistle. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged. Retrieved August 13, 2010, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/whistle pending_final_vetting Smile Response pending_final_vetting PERSON:Jessica Turner#funding:NIHR01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 "to assume a facial expression indicating pleasure, favor, or amusement, but sometimes derision or scorn, characterized by an upturning of the corners of the mouth" smile. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged. Retrieved April 16, 2010, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/smile 17-Aug-10 Speech 17-Aug-10 pending_final_vetting speech. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged. Retrieved August 13, 2010, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/speech oral communication; something that is spoken PERSON:Jessica Turner#funding:NIHR01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 Micturate PERSON:Jessica Turner#funding:NIHR01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 17-Aug-10 pending_final_vetting micturate. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged. Retrieved August 13, 2010, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/micturate to pass urine; urinate Acupuncture acupuncture. (n.d.). The American Heritage Stedman's Medical Dictionary. Retrieved April 06, 2010, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/acupuncture PERSON:Jessica Turner#funding:NIHR01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 pending_final_vetting 17-Aug-10 "even if the acupuncture is painful, the stimulus is coded as ""Acupuncture"", not as ""Pain""" "a stimulus in which specific body areas associated with peripheral nerves are pierced with fine needles to produce anesthesia, relieve pain, and promote therapy" Clicks "repeated ticking sounds made by a mechanical or electrical instrument at given frequency (e.g., metronome clicks)" Rate-dependent activation of a prefrontal-insular-cerebellar network during passive listening to trains of click stimuli: an fMRI study. Ackermann H, Riecker A, Mathiak K, Erb M, Grodd W, Wildgruber D. Neuroreport 2001 Dec; 12:4087-4092; PMID = 11742243. pending_final_vetting 17-Aug-10 PERSON:Jessica Turner#funding:NIHR01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 Faces PERSON:Jessica Turner#funding:NIHR01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 face. (n.d.). The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Retrieved April 16, 2010, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/face representation of the front part of the human head, from the forehead to the chin 27-Apr-10 pending_final_vetting Music "organized tones or sounds occurring in single line (melody) or multiple lines (harmony), and sounded by one or more voices or instruments, or both" pending_final_vetting music. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged. Retrieved April 16, 2010, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/music PERSON:Jessica Turner#funding:NIHR01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 17-Aug-10 Food pending_final_vetting 17-Aug-10 food. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged. Retrieved April 16, 2010, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/food "any nourishing substance that is eaten, drunk, or otherwise injested" PERSON:Jessica Turner#funding:NIHR01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 Infusion infusion. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged. Retrieved April 16, 2010, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/infusion 17-Aug-10 "the introduction of liquid solution (e.g., saline) into a vein" pending_final_vetting PERSON:Jessica Turner#funding:NIHR01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 Heat 15-May-10 stimuli which create the sensation of warmth or hotness PERSON:Jessica Turner#funding:NIHR01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 pending_final_vetting Gender differences in pain perception and patterns of cerebral activation during noxious heat stimulation in humans. Paulson P E, Minoshima S, Morrow T J, Casey K L. Pain 1998 May; 76:223-229; PMID = 9696477. Fractals pending_final_vetting fractals. (n.d.). The American Heritage Science Dictionary. Retrieved April 16, 2010, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/fractals PERSON:Jessica Turner#funding:NIHR01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 17-Aug-10 a complex geometric pattern exhibiting self-similarity in that small details of its structure viewed at any scale repeat elements of the overall pattern Noise 17-Aug-10 Functional anatomy of musical processing in listeners with absolute pitch and relative pitch. Zatorre R J, Perry D W, Beckett C A, Westbury C F, Evans A C. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998 May; 95:3172-3177; PMID = 9501235. PERSON:Jessica Turner#funding:NIHR01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 "a group of sounds with a broad distribution of intensities across a wide range of frequencies or an image that carries a broad amount of energy across a wide range of spatial frequencies but is not structured to carry meaning, e.g., white noise or salt-and-pepper noise" pending_final_vetting Digits 17-Aug-10 any of the Arabic figures of 1 through 9 and 0 digits. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged. Retrieved April 19, 2010, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/digits pending_final_vetting PERSON:Jessica Turner#funding:NIHR01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 Letters PERSON:Jessica Turner#funding:NIHR01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 a symbol or character used in writing and printing to represent a speech sound and that is part of an alphabet letters. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged. Retrieved April 16, 2010, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/letters 17-Aug-10 pending_final_vetting Tones one or more musical sounds that individually have a single frequency Example of stimuli found in Amplitopicity of the human auditory cortex: An fMRI study. Bilecen D, Seifritz E, Scheffler K, Henning J, Schulte A C. Neuroimage 2002 Oct; 17:710-718; PMID = 12377146. "if the tones are presented as music, stimuli should be classified as ""Music""" 17-Aug-10 PERSON:Jessica Turner#funding:NIHR01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 pending_final_vetting Pain "audiovisual presentation of painful stimulation events are classified as ""Film Clips""" a physically distressing sensation in a particular part of the body pending_final_vetting 17-Aug-10 PERSON:Jessica Turner#funding:NIHR01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 pain. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged. Retrieved April 16, 2010, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/pain TMS "Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, a noninvasive method to excite neurons in the brain by inducing electrical currents in tissue as a result of rapidly changing magnetic fields" 17-Aug-10 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcranial_magnetic_stimulation Retrieved April 16, 2010 pending_final_vetting PERSON:Jessica Turner#funding:NIHR01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 Odor a sensation perceived by the sense of smell; scent PERSON:Jessica Turner#funding:NIHR01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 17-Aug-10 pending_final_vetting odor. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged. Retrieved April 16, 2010, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/odor Shapes shapes. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged. Retrieved April 16, 2010, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/shapes PERSON:Jessica Turner#funding:NIHR01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 pending_final_vetting 17-May-10 a distinct body characterized with an outline of specific form or figure Words "a sound or a combination of sounds, or its representation in writing or printing, that symbolizes and communicates a meaning and may consist of a single morpheme or of a combination of morphemes" PERSON:Jessica Turner#funding:NIHR01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 word. (n.d.). The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Retrieved April 16, 2010, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/word 17-Aug-10 pending_final_vetting Symbols PERSON:Jessica Turner#funding:NIHR01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 Example of stimuli used in Error monitoring using external feedback: Specific roles of the habenular complex, the reward system, and the cingulate motor area revealed by the functional magnetic resonance imaging. Ullsperger M, Yves von Cramon D. Journal of Neuroscience 2003 May; 23:4308-4314; PMID = 12764119. pending_final_vetting "an arbitrary sign, written or printed, that conveys meaning, e.g., plus signs, arrows, asterisks" 17-Aug-10 "an object such as a stop sign would be classified under ""Pictures""" Syllables syllable. (n.d.). The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Retrieved April 16, 2010, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/syllable pending_final_vetting 17-Aug-10 PERSON:Jessica Turner#funding:NIHR01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 "a unit of spoken language consisting of a single uninterrupted sound formed by a vowel, diphthong, or syllabic consonant alone, or by any of these sounds preceded, followed, or surrounded by one or more consonants" Pictures 17-Aug-10 pictures. (n.d.). The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Retrieved April 16, 2010, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/pictures PERSON:Jessica Turner#funding:NIHR01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 pending_final_vetting "a representation or image that is painted, drawn, photographed, or otherwise rendered on a flat surface" Chord Sequences Emotional responses to pleasant and unpleasant music correlate with activity in paralimbic brain regions. A J Blood, R J Zatorre, P Bermudez, and A C Evans. Nat Neurosci 1999 April; 2(4):382-387; PMID = 10204547. "a three-note chord accompaniment, which includes major triads, dominant 7ths, 9ths, 11ths, 13ths or flatted 13ths" pending_final_vetting PERSON:Jessica Turner#funding:NIHR01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 17-Aug-10 Instructions April 13 2010 PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 Instructions are the information-bearing entity that sets up the rules for desired behavior from the subjects. An explicit direction that guides the behavior of the subject during the experimental conditions. Instructions serve the function that they lay out what the response behaviors should be for any set of stimuli in the experiment. pending_final_vetting Cued Explicit Recognition Paradigm PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 14 DEC 2010 curation_complete BrainMap A Behavioral Experimental Paradigm in which, in at least one of the conditions, subjects view a list of items (words, pictures, sounds, or abstract patterns) prior to scanning. During scanning, probe words are presented and subject recall if the words are familiar or unfamiliar. Counting or Calculation Paradigm PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 Expect this concept to split into several in later versions. definition_incomplete BrainMap A Behavioral Experimental Paradigm in which, in at least one of the conditions, Subjects count, add, subtract, multiply, or divide various stimuli (numbers, bars, dots, etc). 14 DEC 2010 Chewing or Swallowing Paradigm PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 14 DEC 2010 pending_final_vetting A Behavioral Experimental Paradigm in which, in at least one of the conditions, subjects chew an oral stimulus that is not food (e.g., gum) or swallow their own saliva. If the oral stimulus is food or liquid that is swallowed, then the correct paradigm class is Eating/Drinking. BrainMap Expect this concept to split into several in later versions. Deductive Reasoning Paradigm PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 BrainMap 14 DEC 2010 pending_final_vetting A Behavioral Experimental Paradigm in which, in at least one of the conditions, Subjects are required to utilize problem-solving skills and logic to determine the correct solution; feedback is often given but not necessarily. Deception Task Paradigm PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 A Behavioral Experimental Paradigm in which, in at least one of the conditions, Subjects are asked to perform a task and either lie or be truthful in their responses. BrainMap 14 DEC 2010 Drawing Paradigm PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 14 DEC 2010 BrainMap A Behavioral Experimental Paradigm in which, in at least one of the conditions, subjects draw lines, circles, or drawings using a pen or stylus. pending_final_vetting Breath-Holding Paradigm PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 A Behavioral Experimental Paradigm in which, in at least one of the conditions, subjects hold their breath 14 DEC 2010 BrainMap pending_final_vetting Classical Conditioning Paradigm PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 14 DEC 2010 BrainMap A Behavioral Experimental Paradigm in which, in at least one of the conditions, Subjects are presented with paired stimuli (usually involving presentation of an eye puff with an auditory tone) in an attempt to study associative learning. pending_final_vetting Divided Auditory Attention Paradigm PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 A Behavioral Experimental Paradigm in which, in at least one of the conditions,subjects simultaneously respond to auditory stimuli (tone or word discrimination, with or without distractors) while performing a 2nd unrelated task. Also often co-coded with Tone Monitor or Discrimination. 14 DEC 2010 BrainMap pending_final_vetting Action Observation Paradigm PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 BrainMap 14 DEC 2010 pending_final_vetting A Behavioral Experimental Paradigm in which at least one of the conditions includes viewing moving body parts. Braille Reading Paradigm PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 pending_final_vetting 14 DEC 2010 A Behavioral Experimental Paradigm in which, in at least one of the conditions, blind subjects read Braille words with their finger(s). BrainMap Delay Discounting Task Paradigm PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 definition_incomplete A Behavioral Experimental Paradigm in which, Subjects perform a type of reward task (correct performance is associated with reward, often monetary reward) in which they choose between earning a small reward immediately or a larger reward at a later time. 14 DEC 2010 BrainMap Anti-Saccades Paradigm PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 A Behavioral Experimental Paradigm in which, in at least one of the conditions, subjects view a target and are instructed to make a saccade away from the target (to the opposite visual field). 14 DEC 2010 BrainMap pending_final_vetting Acupuncture Paradigm PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 BrainMap 14 DEC 2010 A Behavioral Experimental Paradigm in which at least one of the conditions includes the application of acupuncture. pending_final_vetting Behavioral Experimental Paradigm PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 Really should be has min 2 conditions, but OWL-DL doesn't allow cardinality restrictions on transitive properties... Within an Experimental Paradigm, the behavioral paradigm describes the behavioral aspects of the experiment: what stimuli are presented to the subject when, and under what conditions, and what the subject's responses are supposed to be. should be harmonized from NeuroLex pending_final_vetting Delayed Non Match To Sample Paradigm PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 BrainMap 14 DEC 2010 A Behavioral Experimental Paradigm in which, in at least one of the conditions, a target is presented and then removed from view. This target must be maintained in working memory for a delay, after which it is presented together with non-target(s). The subject's task is to identify the non-target. pending_final_vetting Flashing Checkerboard Paradigm PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 14 DEC 2010 BrainMap pending_final_vetting A Behavioral Experimental Paradigm in which, in at least one of the conditions, Subjects view a flashing checkerboard Encoding Paradigm PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 BrainMap 14 DEC 2010 pending_final_vetting A Behavioral Experimental Paradigm in which, in at least one of the conditions, Subjects view stimuli (words, pictures, letters) and are instructed to memorize them. Fixation Paradigm PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 14 DEC 2010 The expectation is that the other conditions are not more interesting and fixation is a baseline, but that the experiment is geared toward measuring outcomes during a fixation condition. BrainMap pending_final_vetting A Behavioral Experimental Paradigm in which, in at least one of the conditions, Subjects fixate on a visual target. Go/No-Go Paradigm PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 A Behavioral Experimental Paradigm in which, stimuli are presented in a continuous stream and participants perform a binary decision on each stimulus. One of the outcomes requires participants to make a motor response (go), whereas the other requires participants to withhold a response (no-go). BrainMap 14 DEC 2010 definition_incomplete Episodic Recall Paradigm PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 14 DEC 2010 BrainMap A Behavioral Experimental Paradigm in which, in at least one of the conditions, Subjects recall items from episodic memory (autobiographical history, long-term event memories). This class is commonly used in generating a type of emotion linked to a specific memory. This class does NOT include tasks which probe semantic memory (memory of facts or concepts) in which subjects are asked to recall stimuli that were memorized prior to scanning - those are coded as Cued Explicit Recognition. pending_final_vetting Finger Tapping Paradigm PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 A Behavioral Experimental Paradigm in which, in at least one of the conditions, Subjects tap their fingers according to a visual, auditory, or no cue. BrainMap 14 DEC 2010 pending_final_vetting Face Monitor or Discrimination Paradigm PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 14 DEC 2010 BrainMap A Behavioral Experimental Paradigm in which, in at least one of the conditions, Subjects are presented with human faces and are instructed to view them passively or discriminate according to their order, gender, location, emotion, or appearance. If the subjects view the faces passively, then the experiment is NOT co-coded with Passive Viewing. definition_incomplete Eating or Drinking Paradigm PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 A Behavioral Experimental Paradigm in which, in at least one of the conditions, Subjects eat food (e.g., chocolate) or drink liquids (e.g., juice). pending_final_vetting This term may get split into several in later versions. BrainMap 14 DEC 2010 Flanker Task Paradigm PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 curation_complete 14 DEC 2010 BrainMap A Behavioral Experimental Paradigm in which, in at least one of the conditions, Subjects are instructed to perform a task (often discriminating the direction of a central arrow) while ignoring flanking stimuli on either side, which indicate a different response than the central stimuli. Film Viewing Paradigm PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 pending_final_vetting A Behavioral Experimental Paradigm in which, in at least one of the conditions, Subjects view movie or film clips passively or are required to make a discrimination when the clip is over. BrainMap 14 DEC 2010 Free Word List Recall Paradigm PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 A Behavioral Experimental Paradigm in which, in at least one of the conditions, Subjects view a list of words and after a delay are asked to freely recall the words presented. BrainMap pending_final_vetting 14 DEC 2010 Flexion or Extension Paradigm PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 A Behavioral Experimental Paradigm in which, in at least one of the conditions, Subjects move (flex and extend) their hands, arms, legs, feet, lips, tongue, etc 14 DEC 2010 BrainMap pending_final_vetting Orthographic Discrimination Paradigm PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 A Behavioral Experimental Paradigm in which, in at least one of the conditions, Subjects view letters and discriminate according to some orthographic feature (uppercase/lowercase, alphabetic order, same/different spelling of words, vowel/consonant, font size, etc.). BrainMap 14 DEC 2010 pending_final_vetting Visual Oddball Paradigm PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 BrainMap 14 DEC 2010 pending_final_vetting An Oddball Discrimination Paradigm which has visual stimuli as its oddball and standard stimuli. Pain Monitor/Discrimination Paradigm PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 pending_final_vetting 14 DEC 2010 BrainMap A Behavioral Experimental Paradigm in which, in at least one of the conditions, Subjects experience thermal or electrical stimulation at a painful threshold. Isometric Force Paradigm PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 BrainMap 14 DEC 2010 A Behavioral Experimental Paradigm in which, in at least one of the conditions, Subjects use their hands or fingers to apply isometric force or complete a precision grip task. pending_final_vetting Micturition Task Paradigm PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 14 DEC 2010 A Behavioral Experimental Paradigm in which, in at least one of the conditions, Subjects void urine BrainMap pending_final_vetting Grasping Paradigm PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 14 DEC 2010 A Behavioral Experimental Paradigm in which, in at least one of the conditions, Subjects grasped or gripped a presented stimulus with their hand or mimicked grasping one that was not physically presented (i.e., was imaginary or presented as a picture or video). BrainMap pending_final_vetting Imagined Movement Paradigm PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 pending_final_vetting BrainMap A Behavioral Experimental Paradigm in which, in at least one of the conditions, Subjects imagine performing some movement (e.g., finger tapping, reaching). 14 DEC 2010 Non-Painful Electrical Stimulation Paradigm PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 A Behavioral Experimental Paradigm in which, in at least one of the conditions, Subjects are electrically stimulated at a non-painful threshold. BrainMap 14 DEC 2010 pending_final_vetting Oddball Discrimination Paradigm PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 A Behavioral Experimental Paradigm in which, in at least one of the conditions, stimuli are presented in a continuous stream and participants must detect the presence of an oddball stimulus. The oddball is a stimulus that occurs infrequently relative to all other stimuli, and has distinct characteristics (e.g., a different tone among auditory stimuli). BrainMap 14 DEC 2010 pending_final_vetting Auditory Oddball Paradigm PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 An Oddball Discrimination Paradigm which has auditory stimuli as its oddball and standard stimuli. pending_final_vetting BrainMap 14 DEC 2010 Olfactory Monitor/Discrimination Paradigm PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 A Behavioral Experimental Paradigm in which, in at least one of the conditions, Subjects are presented with odors and are instructed to smell them passively or to discriminate according to some feature (pleasant/unpleasant, strong/weak, same/different, etc.). BrainMap 14 DEC 2010 This term will likely be split in later versions. definition_incomplete Music Comprehension or Production Paradigm PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 This term will likely be split in later versions. BrainMap 14 DEC 2010 definition_incomplete A Behavioral Experimental Paradigm in which, in at least one of the conditions, Subjects listen to music passively or are asked to sing overtly Non-Painful Thermal Stimulation Paradigm PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 14 DEC 2010 BrainMap pending_final_vetting A Behavioral Experimental Paradigm in which, in at least one of the conditions, Subjects experience thermal stimulation (heat) at a non-painful threshold. Imagined Objects or Scenes Paradigm PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 BrainMap pending_final_vetting 14 DEC 2010 A Behavioral Experimental Paradigm in which, in at least one of the conditions, Subject generate vivid images of objects, places, concepts, hypothetical events (not in their past), or the completion of tasks. Mental Rotation Paradigm PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 14 DEC 2010 BrainMap definition_incomplete A Behavioral Experimental Paradigm in which, in at least one of the conditions, Subjects view rotated letters, numbers, or objects (2D or 3D) and indicate if they are in their normal or mirror orientation; includes variations, but all tasks include mental rotation of stimuli. Paired Associate Recall Paradigm PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 14 DEC 2010 BrainMap A Behavioral Experimental Paradigm in which Subjects are shown paired stimuli prior to the task. During the task, subjects are shown a single stimuli and are asked to recall the associated pair. Stimuli may be words, faces, objects, etc. definition_incomplete Pointing Paradigm PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 A Behavioral Experimental Paradigm in which, in at least one of the conditions, Subjects look and point at a target (e.g., cursor) with their arm, hand, finger, or shoulder. BrainMap 14 DEC 2010 pending_final_vetting Phonological Discrimination Paradigm PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 A Behavioral Experimental Paradigm in which, in at least one of the conditions, Subjects view or listen to phonemes, syllables, or words and discriminate according to some feature of their sounds (rhyming, number of syllables, homophones, etc.). BrainMap 14 DEC 2010 pending_final_vetting Reward Task Paradigm PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 BrainMap definition_incomplete A Behavioral Experimental Paradigm in which, in at least one of the conditions, Subjects perform a task in which correct performance is associated with reward, often monetary reward. 14 DEC 2010 Pitch Monitor/Discrimination Paradigm PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 14 DEC 2010 A Behavioral Experimental Paradigm in which, in at least one of the conditions, Subjects are presented with various stimuli (human speech and non-speech vocalizations, animal vocalization, mechanical noise, etc.) and are instructed to listen to them passively (also co-coded with Passive Listening), or discriminate based on pitch (pleasant/unpleasant, same/different, duration, familiar/unfamiliar, male/female). This term is likely to be split into several more precise terms in later versions. BrainMap definition_incomplete Posner Task Paradigm PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 14 DEC 2010 A Behavioral Experimental Paradigm in which, in at least one of the conditions, Subjects view two stimuli (boxes, letters, etc.) and are cued by an arrow to attend to one of the stimuli. Subjects then discriminate and respond (e.g., press a button when one of the boxes is filled with a diagonal cross, or press the left button for an "X" and the right button for an "O"). pending_final_vetting Rafal RD, Posner MI. Deficits in human visual spatial attention following thalamic lesions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Oct;84(20):7349-53. PubMed PMID: 3478697; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC299290. Passive Viewing Paradigm PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 pending_final_vetting BrainMap 14 DEC 2010 This may be replaced if co-coding is a problem. A Behavioral Experimental Paradigm in which, in at least one of the conditions, Subjects view various visual stimuli and make no response. Stimuli include houses, faces, objects, fractals, letter strings, line drawings, complex scenes, etc. If the presented stimuli were faces, the experiments are co-coded with Face Monitor/Discrimination. Passive Listening Paradigm PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 BrainMap 14 DEC 2010 We expect this to be modified if co-coding is a problem pending_final_vetting A Behavioral Experimental Paradigm in which, in at least one of the conditions, Subjects listen to various auditory stimuli and make no response. Stimuli include speech (words, sentences), noise, tones, etc. If the stimulus is tones, then the experiment is co-coded with Tone Monitor/Discrimination. Rest Paradigm PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 pending_final_vetting 14 DEC 2010 A Behavioral Experimental Paradigm in which, in at least one of the conditions, Subjects rest passively with their eyes open or closed. The assumption is that the resting condition is the one that is interesting, and that it is not just a baseline against which other conditions are compared. BrainMap Saccades Paradigm PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 14 DEC 2010 BrainMap A Behavioral Experimental Paradigm in which, in at least one of the conditions, Subjects view a target and are instructed to make a saccade to its location. pending_final_vetting Semantic Monitor/Discrimination Paradigm PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 This term is likely to be replaced by more precise terms in later versions. Subjects view or listen to words passively or discriminate according to their meaning (real word/pseudoword, categorization (e.g., animal or tool), abstract/concrete, living/non-living, man-made/natural, pleasant/unpleasant). For discrimination tasks, stimuli can also be pictures. BrainMap definition_incomplete 14 DEC 2010 Vibrotactile Monitor/Discrimination Paradigm PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 A Behavioral Experimental Paradigm in which, in at least one of the conditions, Subjects experience vibrotactile stimulation to the hand, finger, arm, toe, or lip. 14 DEC 2010 BrainMap This is likely to be split into monitoring and discrimination subtypes in later versions. definition_incomplete Tone Monitor/Discrimination Paradigm PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 definition_incomplete This is likely to be split into separate monitoring and discrimination subtypes in later versions. 14 DEC 2010 A Behavioral Experimental Paradigm in which, in at least one of the conditions, Subjects are presented with tones and are instructed to listen to them passively (also coded as Passive Listening) or discriminate according to their order, timing, pitch, frequency, or amplitude. BrainMap Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Paradigm PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 14 DEC 2010 BrainMap A Behavioral Experimental Paradigm in which, in at least one of the conditions, Subjects are stimulated with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). pending_final_vetting Stroop Task Paradigm PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 pending_final_vetting 14 DEC 2010 A Behavioral Experimental Paradigm in which Subjects view color names presented in various ink colors and are instructed to name the color of the ink. In incongruent stimuli, color names and ink colors are non-matching. Also includes variations such as the Counting Stroop and Emotional Stroop. BrainMap n-back Paradigm PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 14 DEC 2010 A Behavioral Experimental Paradigm in which, in at least one of the conditions, items (e.g., letters) are presented one at a time and participants must identify each item that repeats relative to the item that occurred "n" items before its onset. pending_final_vetting BrainMap Video Games Paradigm PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 pending_final_vetting A Behavioral Experimental Paradigm in which, in at least one of the conditions, Subjects play video games BrainMap 14 DEC 2010 Visual Pursuit/Tracking Paradigm PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 A Behavioral Experimental Paradigm in which, in at least one of the conditions, Subjects view a moving target(s) and track its movement across the screen. Frequently, stimuli are moving dots. 14 DEC 2010 pending_final_vetting BrainMap Tactile Monitor/Discrimination Paradigm PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 14 DEC 2010 BrainMap This term is likely to be split along monitoring/discrimination lines in later versions. definition_incomplete A Behavioral Experimental Paradigm in which, in at least one of the conditions, Subjects experience tactile/somatosensory stimulation and are asked to attend passively or discriminate according to some feature (shape, texture, same/different, frequency of presentation, etc.) Also includes: subjects are presented with 3-dimensional objects and are asked to manipulate them in their hands and probe their features. Simon Task Paradigm PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 BrainMap pending_final_vetting 14 DEC 2010 A Behavioral Experimental Paradigm in which Subjects view arrows presented in the right or left visual field that were pointing to the left or right. Subjects respond via button press as to the direction of the arrow. In incongruent stimuli, left-pointing arrows are seen on the right side, and vice versa. Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Paradigm PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 BrainMap pending_final_vetting The participant is presented with stimulus cards with shapes on them. The cards differ in color of the shapes, number of the shapes, and the form of the shapes. The participant is asked to sort these cards into two piles. The participant is not told what stimulus dimension to use in order to sort the cards, but the administrator tells the participant if a particular match is correct. During the test, the sorting rules are changed and the participant must discover the new sorting rule in order to be successful. 14 DEC 2010 Visual Distractor/Visual Attention Paradigm PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 This category is a catch-all for visuoattention paradigms. Examples include: subjects press a button when a visual target (letters, bars, circles, asterisks, LEDs, etc) appears; subjects detect changes in luminance, shape, or color of visual stimuli; subjects fixate on a central stimuli while ignoring peripheral distractors. Also includes cued, attention shift, and divided attention paradigms. definition_incomplete BrainMap 14 DEC 2010 This term will be split into multiple subtypes in later versions. Writing Paradigm PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 A Behavioral Experimental Paradigm in which, in at least one of the conditions, Subjects write letters or words with a pen, stylus, or their finger. BrainMap pending_final_vetting 14 DEC 2010 Sternberg Task Paradigm PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 BrainMap 14 DEC 2010 A Behavioral Experimental Paradigm in which, in at least one of the conditions, Subjects view a set of items (usually digits or letters). After a delay, a probe item is presented and subjects indicate if the presented item was in the previously viewed group. pending_final_vetting Subjective Emotional Picture Discrimination Paradigm PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 BrainMap A Behavioral Experimental Paradigm in which, in at least one of the conditions, Subjects view pictures and are instructed to respond to emotional pictures, to indicate which pictures are pleasant/unpleasant or funny/not funny, or rate the valence of emotional pictures. 14 DEC 2010 pending_final_vetting Whistling Paradigm PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 BrainMap pending_final_vetting 14 DEC 2010 A Behavioral Experimental Paradigm in which, in at least one of the conditions, Subjects whistle. Theory of Mind Task Paradigm PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 A Behavioral Experimental Paradigm in which, in at least one of the conditions, Subjects are asked to perform a task involving the understanding of another's personal beliefs and feelings or forming hypotheses regarding the mental states of others. This needs more information to be really usable. definition_incomplete 14 DEC 2010 BrainMap Syntactic Discrimination Paradigm PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 14 DEC 2010 pending_final_vetting A Behavioral Experimental Paradigm in which, in at least one of the conditions, Subjects viewed grammatically correct and incorrect sentences and discriminate according to their grammar. This class also includes morphosyntactic tasks such as gender discrimination of words. BrainMap Sequence Recall/Learning Paradigm PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 BrainMap pending_final_vetting A Behavioral Experimental Paradigm in which, in at least one of the conditions, Subjects learn and/or perform a learned complex sequence of finger tapping, button pressing, pointing/clicking, or various other motor responses 14 DEC 2010 Task Switching Paradigm PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 A Behavioral Experimental Paradigm in which participants alternate between two or more judgments typically regarding the same set of stimuli. Accuracy and reaction time are measured for each judgment. definition_incomplete 14 DEC 2010 This term is likely to be refined in later versions. BrainMap Spatial/Location Discrimination Paradigm PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 pending_final_vetting 14 DEC 2010 BrainMap A Behavioral Experimental Paradigm in which, in at least one of the conditions, Subjects view shapes or other stimuli (letters, pictures, numbers, or arrows) and discriminate according to their location, orientation, or size. Behavioral Experimental Paradigm Condition A planned combination of stimuli and instructions regarding responses to the experimental subjects (who are only involved once the process is implemented). April 13 2010 PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 Oddball Target Tones Condition Response Modality April 13 2010 Class of body parts used to perform the actions which can play the role of a response Need to import these from FMA somehow PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 Stimulus April 13 2010 PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 The object or set of objects, internal or external to the subject, which is intended to generate either an overt or covert response in the subject as part of an experimental condition. These "things" play the role of a stimulus in an experimental condition. Gustatory Modality April 13 2010 PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 The gustatory modality is the sensory modality pertaining to the sense of taste or flavor. It usually but not always arises through stimulation of the gustatory system (e.g., tastebuds, nasal receptors). Stimulus Modality April 13 2010 PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 The quality of the sensory perception of a stimulus. Auditory Modality April 13 2010 PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 the sensory modality that pertains to the sense of hearing. It usually arises from an audible stimulation of the auditory (hearing) system, such as from a sound. Pain Modality April 13 2010 PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 The pain modality is the subtype of tactile modality that pertains to the sense of pain. Electrical modality April 13 2010 PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 The electrical sensory modality is the sensory modality that pertains to the sense of electric shock. Interoceptive Modality PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 The interoceptive modality is the sensory modality that pertains to the sense of interoception, or internal sensations. Pressure Modality PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 The pressure modality is a Tactile Modality that pertains to the sense of non-painful touch. Olfactory Modality April 13 2010 PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 The olfactory modality is the sensory modality pertaining to the sense of smell. It usually but not always arises from the stimulation of the olfactory system by chemicals. Tactile Modality April 13 2010 PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 The tactile modality is the sensory modality pertaining to the sense of contact via the skin with other, external objects. Visual Modality April 13 2010 PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 The visual modality is the sensory modality that pertains to the sense of sight. It usually but not always arises from the stimulation of the visual system with a light source of sufficient brightness to be visible. Thermal Modality April 13 2010 PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 The thermal modality is the sensory modality that pertains to the sense of heat applied to the skin. Response role April 13 2010 PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 The role of response is attributed to the overt or covert behavior which is elicited from the subject in an experimental condition. Stimulus role April 13 2010 PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 The role of a stimulus in a behavioral experiment is attributed to the object(s) which are presented to the subject in a controlled manner in the context of the experiment. Overt Response An overt response is a Response made with a body part that is externally observable by others April 13 2010 PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 Naming (Covert) Paradigm A Behavioral Experimental Paradigm in which, in at least one of the conditions, Subjects view objects (pictures, line drawings, etc.) and name them silently. 13 DEC 2010 PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 pending_final_vetting BrainMap Naming (Overt) Paradigm A Behavioral Experimental Paradigm in which, in at least one of the conditions, Subjects view objects (pictures, line drawings, etc.) and name them aloud. 13 DEC 2010 PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 pending_final_vetting BrainMap Reading (Covert) Paradigm A Behavioral Experimental Paradigm in which, in at least one of the conditions, Subjects view words, pseudo-words, Asian characters, phrases, or sentences and read them silently. 13 DEC 2010 PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 pending_final_vetting BrainMap Reading (Overt) Paradigm A Behavioral Experimental Paradigm in which, in at least one of the conditions, Subjects view words, pseudo-words, Asian characters, phrases, or sentences and read them aloud. 13 DEC 2010 PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 pending_final_vetting BrainMap Recitation/Repetition (Covert) Paradigm A Behavioral Experimental Paradigm in which, in at least one of the conditions, Subjects silently repeat or recite phonemes, words, or well-known text (nursery rhymes, Pledge of Allegiance, months of the year, etc.). 13 DEC 2010 PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 pending_final_vetting BrainMap Recitation/Repetition (Overt) Paradigm A Behavioral Experimental Paradigm in which, in at least one of the conditions, Subjects vocally repeat or recite phonemes, words, or well-known text (nursery rhymes, Pledge of Allegiance, months of the year, etc.) aloud. 13 DEC 2010 PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 pending_final_vetting BrainMap Word Generation (Covert) Paradigm Semantic: subjects listen to or view nouns and silently generate an associated verb, or subjects view a category and silently generate as many exemplars as possible; Orthographic: subjects listen to or view a letter and silently generate as many words as possible that start with that letter; Phonologic: subjects listen to or view a word and silently generate words that rhyme. 13 DEC 2010 PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 pending_final_vetting BrainMap Word Generation (Overt) Paradigm Semantic: subjects listen to or view nouns and overtly generate an associated verb, or subjects view a category and overtly generate as many exemplars as possible; Orthographic: subjects listen to or view a letter and overtly generate as many words as possible that start with that letter; Phonologic: subjects listen to or view a word and overtly generate words that rhyme. 13 DEC 2010 PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 pending_final_vetting BrainMap Word Stem Completion (Covert) Paradigm A Behavioral Experimental Paradigm in which, in at least one of the conditions, Subjects view word stems and silently generate a word that completes the stem. 13 DEC 2010 PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 pending_final_vetting BrainMap Word Stem Completion (Overt) Paradigm A Behavioral Experimental Paradigm in which, in at least one of the conditions, Subjects view word stems and overtly generate a word that completes the stem. 13 DEC 2010 PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 pending_final_vetting BrainMap Oddball Standard Tones Condition Response The overt or covert behavior which is elicited from the subject in an experimental condition. PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 December 7, 2010 Covert Response December 7, 2010 A covert response is a Response made internal to the body, which is unobservable by external viewers. These are coded as "No response" in Brainmap as of 2010 PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 Explicit Stimulus PERSON: Jessica Turner#funding:NIH1R01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 13 DEC 2010 pending_final_vetting A stimulus which exists at least in part externally to the subject--e.g., a flashing checkerboard, a drop of juice, a set of digits, an electrical charge, etc. Implicit Stimulus pending_final_vetting A stimulus generated internally by the subject--e.g., resting with eyes closed, imaging a scene, re-living an experience, etc PERSON:Jessica Turner#funding:NIHR01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 This includes conditions with internal stimulation only, such as mental imagery or calling items up from memory unaided, as well as unconstrained "resting state" conditions. This was "No Stimulus" in the BrainMap taxonomy. 13 DEC 2010 Electronic Stimulations "audiovisual presentation of electrical stimulation events are classified as ""Film Clips""" 17-Aug-10 Example of stimuli used in Event-related fMRI of the somatosensory system using electrical finger stimulation. Deuchert M, Ruben J, Schwiemann J, Meyer R, Thees S, Krause T, Blankenburg F, Villringer K, Kurth R, Curio G, Villringer A. Neuroreport 2002 Mar; 13:365-369; PMID = 11930139. a stimulus applied to the skin or muscle using a current pulse pending_final_vetting PERSON:Jessica Turner#funding:NIHR01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 Eye Puffs PERSON:Jessica Turner#funding:NIHR01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 17-Aug-10 pending_final_vetting Functional mapping of human learning: a positron emission tomography activation study of eyeblink conditioning. T A Blaxton, T A Zeffiro, J D Gabrieli, S Y Bookheimer, M C Carrillo, W H Theodore, and J F Disterhoft. J Neurosci 1996 June 15; 16(12):4032-4040; PMID = 8656296. a puff of air delivered to the eye False Fonts pending_final_vetting letter-like meaningless signs Evidence for compensation for stuttering by the right frontal operculum. Christine Preibisch, Katrin Neumann, Peter Raab, Harald A Euler, Alexander W von Gudenberg, Heinrich Lanfermann, and Anne-Lise Giraud. Neuroimage 2003 October; 20(2):13566-1364; PMID = 14568504. PERSON:Jessica Turner#funding:NIHR01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 17-Aug-10 Film Clips pending_final_vetting audiovisual presentation of a motion-picture film 17-Aug-10 PERSON:Jessica Turner#funding:NIHR01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 film clip. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged. Retrieved April 16, 2010, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/film clip Finger Tapping repetitive adduction and abduction of one or more fingers or thumbs PERSON:Jessica Turner#funding:NIHR01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 pending_final_vetting 17-Aug-10 Conscious and subconscious sensorimotor synchronization--prefrontal cortex and the influence of awareness. Stephan K M, Thaut M H, Wunderlich G, Schicks W, Tian B, Tellmann L, Schmitz T, Herzog H, McIntosh G C, Seitz R J, Homberg V. Neuroimage 2002 Feb; 15:345-352; PMID = 11798270. Fixation Point 17-Aug-10 Neural correlates of visual working memory: fMRI amplitude predicts task performance. Pessoa L, Gutierrez E, Bandettini P, Ungerleider L G. Neuron 2002 Aug; 35:975-987; PMID = 12372290. PERSON:Jessica Turner#funding:NIHR01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 a point or crosshair on which to fixate attention pending_final_vetting Flashing Checkerboard pending_final_vetting PERSON:Jessica Turner#funding:NIHR01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 17-Aug-10 Language-specific tuning of visual cortex? Functional properties of the Visual Word Form Area. Laurent Cohen, S. Lehericy, Florence Chochon, Cathy Lemer, Sophie Rivaud, and Stanislas Dehaene. Brain 2002 May; 125(Pt 5):1054-1069; PMID = 11960895. contrast-reversed checkerboards that oscillate at a specified frequency; are generally black and white Extension pending_final_vetting repetitive adduction and abduction of a body part other than the fingers and thumbs PERSON:Jessica Turner#funding:NIHR01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 17-Aug-10 Regional cerebral blood flow during voluntary arm and hand movements in human subjects. Colebatch J G, Deiber M P, Passingham R E, Friston K J, Frackowiak R S J. Journal of Neurophysiology 1991 Jun; 65:1392-1401; PMID = 1875248. Grasp PERSON:Jessica Turner#funding:NIHR01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 17-Aug-10 to seize and hold by or as if by clasping with the fingers grasp. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged. Retrieved August 13, 2010, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/grasp pending_final_vetting Infrared Laser 1-May-10 PERSON:Jessica Turner#funding:NIHR01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 a laser stimuli, emitting near-infrared radiation pending_final_vetting Subcortical structures involved in pain processing: evidence from single-trial fMRI. U Bingel, M Quante, R Knab, B Bromm, C Weiller, and C Buchel. Pain 2002 September; 99(1-2):313-321; PMID = 12237210. Nonverbal Vocal Sounds Differential sex-independent amygdala response to infant crying and laughing in parents versus nonparents. Seifritz E, Esposito F, Neuhoff J G, Luthi A, Mustovic H, Dammann G, von Bardeleben U, Radue E W, Cirillo S, Tedeschi G, Di Salle F. Biological Psychiatry 2003 Dec; 54:1367-1375; PMID = 14675800. 17-Aug-10 "non-word human vocalizations, e.g., sighing, crying, screams, laughter" pending_final_vetting PERSON:Jessica Turner#funding:NIHR01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 Nonvocal Sounds 17-Aug-10 "sounds produced by animals, machines, nature, objects, or other non-human origins" PERSON:Jessica Turner#funding:NIHR01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 Functional segregation of the temporal lobes into highly differentiated subsystems for auditory perception: An auditory rapid event-related fMRI-task. Specht K, Reul J. Neuroimage 2003 Dec; 20:1944-1954; PMID = 14683700. pending_final_vetting Rest rest. (n.d.). The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Retrieved April 16, 2010, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/rest pending_final_vetting to become or remain inactive PERSON:Jessica Turner#funding:NIHR01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 17-Aug-10 Points of Light pending_final_vetting "originally in BrainMap as ""LED"", has since replaced that class" PERSON:Jessica Turner#funding:NIHR01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 one or more points of light that do not create a sense of shape 17-Aug-10 Age-related differences of saccade induced cortical activation. Nelles G, de Greiff A, Pscherer A, Esser J. Neuroscience Letters 2009 Apr; 458:15-18; PMID = 19442869. Pseudowords PERSON:Jessica Turner#funding:NIHR01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 17-Aug-10 "currently, BrainMap only includes this class as Visual stimulus types" groups of letters that are meaningless as words Example of stimuli in Human temporal lobe activation by speech and nonspeech sounds. Binder J R, Frost J A, Hammeke T A, Bellgowan P S, Springer J A, Kaufman J N, Possing E T. Cerebral Cortex 2000 May; 10:512-528; PMID = 10847601. pending_final_vetting Random Dots 17-Aug-10 includes 3D structure for motion displays "a group of many dots, often moving in random or synchronous patterns" pending_final_vetting dots. (n.d.). The American Heritage Stedman's Medical Dictionary. Retrieved April 16, 2010, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/dots PERSON:Jessica Turner#funding:NIHR01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 Reversed Speech PERSON:Jessica Turner#funding:NIHR01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 spoken words or sentences recorded and then played in reverse 17-Aug-10 Hearing and saying: The functional neuro-anatomy of auditory word processing. Price C J, Wise R J S, Warburton E A, Moore C J, Howard D, Patterson K, Frackowiak R S J, Friston K J. Brain 1996 Jun; 119:919-931; PMID = 8673502. pending_final_vetting Tactile Stimulation pending_final_vetting a class of stimuli perceptible by the sense of touch tactile. (n.d.). The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Retrieved April 27, 2010, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/tactile "all stimuli applied to the skin are included in this class (exceptions that are categorized in more specific classes are: ""3D Objects"", ""Acupuncture"", ""Electrical Stimulation"", ""Eye Puffs"", ""Heat"", ""Infrared Laser"", ""Pain"", and ""Vibrotactile Stimulation"")" PERSON:Jessica Turner#funding:NIHR01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 17-Aug-10 Vibratory Stimulation 17-Aug-10 PERSON:Jessica Turner#funding:NIHR01MH084812 PERSON: Angela Laird#funding:NIHR01MH084812 a tactile stimulus that moves rhythmically and steadily to oscillate at a given high frequency vibrate. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged. Retrieved April 27, 2010, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/vibrate pending_final_vetting Fiat Object Part ObjectAggregate quality role process aggregate FBIRNIIaudOddStandardTones FBIRNIIAudOddTask FBIRNIIaudOddTargetTones